The Role of Crystal Polarity in α-Amino Acid Crystals for Induced Nucleation of Ice

Abstract

The hydrophobic faces of single crystals of a series of pairs of racemic and chiral-resolved hydrophobic α-amino acids were used as a substrate, onto which water vapor has been cooled to freezing. The morphologies and molecular packing arrangements within each crystal pair are similar but only one of each pair exhibits a polar axis, parallel to the hydrophobic face exposed to water. Those crystals that have a polar axis induce a freezing point higher by 4° to 5°C than the corresponding crystals that do not have a polar axis. The results are interpreted in terms of an electric field mechanism that helps align the water molecules into ice-like clusters en route to crystallization.