Forward Compatible Training for Large-Scale Embedding Retrieval Systems

Abstract

In visual retrieval systems, updating the embedding model requires recomputing features for every piece of data. This expensive process is referred to as backfilling. Re-cently, the idea of backward compatible training (BCT) was proposed. To avoid the cost of backfilling, BCT modifies training of the new model to make its representations com-patible with those of the old model. However, BCT can sig-nificantly hinder the performance of the new model. In this work, we propose a new learning paradigm for representation learning: forward compatible training (FCT). In Fct, when the old model is trained, we also prepare for a future unknown version of the model. We propose learning side- information, an auxiliary feature for each sample which fa-cilitates future updates of the model. To develop a powerful and flexible frameworkfor model compatibility, we combine side-information with a forward transformation from old to newembeddings. Training of the new model is not modified, hence, its accuracy is not degraded. We demonstrate sig-nificant retrieval accuracy improvement compared to BCT for various datasets: ImageNet-1k (+18.1%), Places-365 (+5.4%), and VGG-Face2 (+8.3%). Fctobtains model compatibility when the new and old models are trained across different datasets, losses, and architectures. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> Code available at https://github.com/apple/ml-fct.