RETRACTED: Anti-diabetic Activity of Brucine in Streptozotocin-Induced Rats: <i>In Silico</i> , <i>In Vitro</i> , and <i>In Vivo</i> Studies

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and multiple group of disorders, and understanding the molecular mechanisms is a key role in identifying various markers involved in the diagnosis of the disease. Brucine is derived from the seeds of <i>Strychnos nux-vomica</i> L. (Loganiaceae), which has been used in traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments, such as chronic rheumatism, nervous system diseases, dyspepsia, gonorrhea, anemia, and bronchitis, and has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-snake venom, and anti-diabetic properties. The anti-diabetic potential of brucine was studied utilizing <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in silico</i>, <i>in vivo</i>, and molecular methods, including streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat models, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assays, and via Auto-DocVina software. Brucine exhibits binding affinities of -5.0 to -10.1 Kcal/mol against chosen protein targets, according to an <i>in silico</i> investigation. <i>In vitro</i> studies revealed that brucine inhibited the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and brucine (20 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance overload, body weight, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase and elevated high-density lipoprotein levels in <i>in vivo</i> studies<i>.</i> The brucine binding energy against certain protein targets ranges from -5.0 to -10.1 Kcal/mol. It has anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are mediated via inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase.