Technologies for Fertilizers and Management Strategies of N-Fertilization in Coffee Cropping Systems to Reduce Ammonia Losses by Volatilization

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify NH₃-N losses from conventional, stabilized, slow-release, and controlled-release N fertilizers in a coffee field. The N fertilizers analyzed were prilled urea, prilled urea dissolved in water, ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea + Cu + B, urea + adhesive + CaCO₃, and urea + NBPT (all with three split applications), as well as blended N fertilizer, urea + elastic resin, urea-formaldehyde, and urea + polyurethane (all applied only once). NH₃-N losses (mean of two crop seasons) were statistically higher for urea + adhesive + CaCO₃ (27.9% of applied N) in comparison with the other treatments. Loss from prilled urea (23.7%) was less than from urea + adhesive + CaCO₃. Losses from urea + NBPT (14.5%) and urea + Cu + B (13.5%) were similar and lower than those from prilled urea. Urea dissolved in water (4.2%) had even lower losses than those treatments, and the lowest losses were observed for AS (0.6%) and AN (0.5%). For the single application fertilizers, higher losses occurred for urea + elastic resin (5.8%), blended N fertilizer (5.5%), and urea + polyurethane (5.2%); and urea-formaldehyde had a lower loss (0.5%). Except for urea + adhesive + CaCO₃, all N-fertilizer technologies reduced NH₃-N losses compared to prilled urea.