Reconstruction of LiF-rich interphases through an anti-freezing electrolyte for ultralow-temperature LiCoO₂ batteries

Abstract

With iso-butyl formate (IF) as anti-freezing agent, a fluorine–sulfur electrolyte is designed to achieve low coordination number, high desolvation energy and stable LiF-rich interphase, and enables the stable operation of an electric fan at −70 °C.