Vimentin epigenetic deregulation in Bladder Cancer associates with acquisition of invasive and metastatic phenotype through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BlCa) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, understand the biological mechanisms underlying tumour progression is of great clinical significance. Vimentin (VIM) is (over)expressed in several carcinomas, putatively in association with EMT. We have previously found that VIM promoter methylation accurately identified BlCa and VIM expression associated with unfavourable prognosis. Herein, we sought to investigate VIM expression regulation and its role in malignant transformation of BlCa. Analysis of tissue samples disclosed higher VIM transcript, protein, and methylation levels in BlCa compared with normal urothelium. VIM protein and transcript levels significantly increased from non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) to muscle-invasive (MIBC) cases and to BlCa metastases. Inverse correlation between epithelial <i>CDH1</i> and <i>VIM</i>, and a positive correlation between mesenchymal <i>CDH2</i> and <i>VIM</i> were also observed. In BlCa cell lines, exposure to demethylating agent increased VIM protein, with concomitant decrease in <i>VIM</i> methylation. Moreover, exposure to histone deacetylases pan-inhibitor increased the deposit of active post-translational marks (PTMs) across <i>VIM</i> promoter. In primary normal urothelium cells, lower levels of active PTMs with concomitant higher levels of repressive marks deposit were observed. Finally, <i>VIM</i> knockdown in UMUC3 cell line increased epithelial-like features and decreased migration and invasion <i>in vitro</i>, decreasing tumour size and angiogenesis <i>in vivo</i>. We demonstrated that <i>VIM</i> promoter is epigenetically regulated in normal and neoplastic urothelium, which determine a VIM switch associated with EMT and acquisition of invasive and metastatic properties. These findings might allow for development of new, epigenetic-based, therapeutic strategies for BlCa.