Metal–Micelle Interaction Leading to Spontaneous Formation of Ligand-Free Palladium(0) Nanoparticles: Highly Efficient Catalysis Enabling Biaryl Ketone Formation from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Abstract

in water. These NPs are thoroughly characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry, revealing that the metal-micelle binding plays a critical role in their stability and activity. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy supported the ultrasmall nature of NPs, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the zero-oxidation state of Pd. The shielding effect of micelles and enhanced stability of NPs enabled fast cross-couplings of water-sensitive triazine adducts of carboxylic acid to form nonsymmetrical biaryl ketones. These naturally formed NPs are more efficient than new synthetic NPs formed under a hydrogen atmosphere and traditional NPs formed using the air-sensitive Grignard reagent as a reductant. The activity of naturally formed NPs is compared with that of synthetic NPs over 34 substrates, revealing that naturally formed NPs are much more efficient than synthetic NPs.