Reorganization Energies for Interfacial Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer to a Water Oxidation Catalyst

Abstract

The reorganization energy (λ) for interfacial electron transfer (ET) and proton-coupled ET (PCET) from a conductive metal oxide (In₂O₃:Sn, ITO) to a surface-bound water oxidation catalyst was extracted from kinetic data measured as a function of the thermodynamic driving force. Visible light excitation resulted in rapid excited-state injection (<i>k</i>_inj > 10⁸ s^-1) to the ITO, which photo-initiated the two interfacial reactions of interest. The rate constants for both reactions increased with the driving force, -Δ<i>G</i>°, to a saturating limit, <i>k</i>_max, with rate constants consistently larger for ET than for PCET. Marcus-Gerischer analysis of the kinetic data provided the reorganization energy for interfacial PCET (0.90 ± 0.02 eV) and ET (0.40 ± 0.02 eV), respectively. The magnitude of <i>k</i>_max for PCET was found to decrease with pH, behavior that was absent for ET. Both the decrease in <i>k</i>_max and the larger reorganization energy for an unwanted competing PCET reaction from the ITO to the oxidized catalyst showcases a significant kinetic advantage for driving solar water oxidation at high pH. Computational analysis revealed a larger inner-sphere reorganization energy contribution for PCET than for ET arising from a more significant change in the Ru-O bond length for the PCET reaction. Extending the Marcus-Gerischer theory to PCET by including the excited electron-proton vibronic states and the proton donor-acceptor motion provided an apparent reorganization energy of 1.01 eV. This study demonstrates that the Marcus-Gerischer theory initially developed for ET can be reliably extended to PCET for quantifying and interpreting reorganization energies observed experimentally.