Association between Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone Indices and Bone Mineral Density in US Males

Abstract

Objectives. Thyroid hormone is acknowledged as a pivotal factor in skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. However, available data about the relationship between sensitivity to thyroid hormone and bone mineral density (BMD) remain limited and conflicting. The purpose of the study was to explore the complex relationship between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and BMD using cross-sectional analysis. Methods. An overall sample of 3,107 males from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was studied in the study. The thyroid hormone sensitivity indices included free triiodothyronine/tree thyroxine (FT3/FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), thyrotroph thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI), and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI). Given the complex study design and sample weights, the correlation between sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices and BMD was evaluated through multivariate linear regression models, and extra subgroup analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the results. Results. Among the 3,107 participants, we demonstrated that FT3/FT4 was negatively correlated with lumbar BMD (β = −0.0.35, 95% CI: −0.084–0.013, <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>P</a:mi> <a:mo>&lt;</a:mo> <a:mn>0.05</a:mn> </a:math> ). In the terms of central sensitivity to thyroid hormone, TFQI showed a significant negative relationship with the BMD of the lumbar (β = −0.018, 95% CI: −0.033 to −0.003, <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>P</c:mi> <c:mo>&lt;</c:mo> <c:mn>0.05</c:mn> </c:math> ), total femur (β = −0.020, 95% CI: −0.035 to −0.006, <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mi>P</e:mi> <e:mo>&lt;</e:mo> <e:mn>0.01</e:mn> </e:math> ), and femur neck (β = −0.018, 95% CI: −0.031 to −0.005, <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>P</g:mi> <g:mo>&lt;</g:mo> <g:mn>0.01</g:mn> </g:math> ). In the subgroup analyses stratified by body mass index (BMI), the significant negative correlation between TFQI and lumbar BMD remained in the male participants with BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2. Conclusions. Decreased indices of sensitivity to thyroid hormones are strongly associated with increased lumbar BMD, suggesting that the dysfunction of peripheral and central response to thyroid hormone might contribute to bone loss. In addition, FT3/FT4 and TFQI were considered to be the preferable indicators to guide the prevention and clinical treatment of osteoporosis.