Macrophage-derived hybrid exosome-mimic nanovesicles loaded with black phosphorus for multimodal rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Abstract

binding proinflammatory factors and releasing anti-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) were introduced into the HNV (HNV@BP) to eliminate inflammatory cells upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, which intrinsically decreases the inflammatory reaction. In a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, the HNV loaded with BP targeted and accumulated at the inflammed knee joints, exhibiting multimodal rheumatoid arthritis therapy combined with NIR irradiation through comprehensive inflammation suppression.