Synergistic Reinforcing of Immunogenic Cell Death and Transforming Tumor‐Associated Macrophages Via a Multifunctional Cascade Bioreactor for Optimizing Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has aroused widespread attention because it can reconstruct a tumor microenvironment and activate antitumor immunity. This study proposes a two-way enhancement of ICD based on a CaO₂ @CuS-MnO₂ @HA (CCMH) nanocomposite to overcome the insufficient damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of conventional ICD-inducers. The near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (1064 nm) of CuS nanoparticles generates ¹ O₂ through photodynamic therapy (PDT) to trigger ICD, and it also damages the Ca²⁺ buffer function of mitochondria. Additionally, CaO₂ nanoparticles react with H₂ O to produce a large amount of O₂ and Ca²⁺ , which respectively lead to enhanced PDT and Ca²⁺ overload during mitochondrial damage, thereby triggering a robust ICD activation. Moreover, oxidative-damaged mitochondrial DNA, induced by PDT and released from tumor cells, reprograms the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by transforming tumor-associated macrophages to the M1 subphenotype. This study shows that CCMH with NIR-II irradiation can elicit adequate DAMPs and an active tumor-immune microenvironment for both 4T1 and CT26 tumor models. Combining this method with an immune checkpoint blockade can realize an improved immunotherapy efficacy and long-term protection effect for body.