Identification of Highly Selective Surface Pathways for Methane Dry Reforming Using Mechanochemical Synthesis of Pd–CeO₂

Abstract

The methane dry reforming (DRM) reaction mechanism was explored via mechanochemically prepared Pd/CeO₂ catalysts (PdAcCeO₂M), which yield unique Pd-Ce interfaces, where PdAcCeO₂M has a distinct reaction mechanism and higher reactivity for DRM relative to traditionally synthesized impregnated Pd/CeO₂ (PdCeO₂IW). In situ characterization and density functional theory calculations revealed that the enhanced chemistry of PdAcCeO₂M can be attributed to the presence of a carbon-modified Pd⁰ and Ce^4+/3+ surface arrangement, where distinct Pd-CO intermediate species and strong Pd-CeO₂ interactions are activated and sustained exclusively under reaction conditions. This unique arrangement leads to highly selective and distinct surface reaction pathways that prefer the direct oxidation of CH _<i>x</i> to CO, identified on PdAcCeO₂M using isotope labeled diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and highlighting linear Pd-CO species bound on metallic and C-modified Pd, leading to adsorbed HCOO [1595 cm^-1] species as key DRM intermediates, stemming from associative CO₂ reduction. The milled materials contrast strikingly with surface processes observed on IW samples (PdCeO₂IW) where the competing reverse water gas shift reaction predominates.