Cryo-EM Revealing the Origin of Excessive Capacity of the Se Cathode in Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Li–Se Batteries

Abstract

Selenium (Se), whose electronic conductivity is nearly 25 orders higher than that of sulfur (S) and whose theoretical volumetric capacity is 3254 mAh cm^-3, is considered as a potential alternative to S to overcome the poor electronic conductivity issue of the S cathode in the lithium (Li)-S battery. However, the study of the Li-Se battery, particularly a Li-Se all-solid-state battery (ASSB), is still in its infancy. Herein, we report the performance of Li-Se ASSBs at both room temperature (RT) and high temperature (HT, 50 °C), using a Li₁₀Si_0.3PS_6.9Cl_1.8 (LSPSCl) solid-state electrolyte and Li-In anode. With a Se loading of 7.6 mg cm^-2, the Li-Se battery displayed a record high reversible capacity of 6.8 mAh cm^-2 after 50 cycles at HT, which exceeds the theoretical areal capacity of 5.2 mAh cm^-2 for Se. Moreover, the RT Li-Se ASSB delivered an initial areal capacity of about 2 mAh cm^-2 at a current density of 1 A g^-1 for 1200 cycles with a capacity retention of 67%. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that the excessive capacity of Se at HT can be attributed to the formation of a previously unknown S₅Se₄ phase during charging, which participated reversibly in a subsequent redox reaction. The formation of the S₅Se₄ phase originated from the reaction of Se with S, which was generated by the decomposition of LSPSCl at HT. These results unlock the electrochemistry of a Li-Se ASSB, suggesting that a Li-Se ASSB is a viable alternative to a Li-S battery for energy storage applications.