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Timing of lower extremity joint actions during treadmill running
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1992
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Gait AnalysisPhysical ActivityMovement BiomechanicsOrthopedic BiomechanicsKnee InjuryOrthopaedic SurgeryMovement AnalysisKinesiologyExerciseApplied PhysiologySport PhysiologyK. G. HoltHealth SciencesKnee InjuriesRehabilitationTwelve Healthy SubjectsExercise PhysiologyMusculoskeletal InteractionHuman MovementMedicine
HAMILL, J., B. T. BATES, and K. G. HOLT. Timing of lower extremity joint actions during treadmill running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 807–813, 1992. It has been suggested that a disruption in timing between the subtalar and knee joints may be a possible mechanism for knee injury. It has also been documented that shoe construction can alter rearfoot motion. The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between the subtalar and knee joint actions during the support phase of treadmill running while wearing different shoes. Twelve healthy subjects ran in each of three running shoes with unique midsole durometers (Cl, 70; C2, 55; C3, 45). High-speed video (200 Hz) of the rear and sagittal views of each subject/condition were taken during the last minute of a 5-min run. Retro-reflective markers were processed to determine the rearfoot angle and the sagittal view knee angle. The shoes were also subjected to a midsole material impact test. The impact test results indicated a linear trend in peak g and time to peak g across midsoles with the firmer midsole having a greater peak g and a shorter time to peak g. The results of the kinematic analysis indicated that there were no significant differences among the shoe conditions for the knee flexion parameters. However, there were significant differences in both the magnitude and the time to maximum pronation between the two firmer midsole conditions (Cl and C2) and the softer midsole condition (C3), indicating a nonlinear trend for these parameters. The softer midsole exhibited greater pronation values and a shorter time to maximum pronation. T-tests between the time to maximum knee flexion and the time to maximum pronation for each condition indicated only a significant difference for the softer midsole shoe (C3). The time to maximum pronation occurred prior to maximum knee flexion for this condition. These data suggest that a disruption in timing between the subtalar and knee joints is possible under normal conditions and may be a mechanism for knee injury.