Multifluid cosmology in f(G) gravity

Abstract

The treatment of (1+3)-covariant perturbation in a multifluid cosmology with the consideration of [Formula: see text] gravity, [Formula: see text] being the Gauss–Bonnet term, is done in this paper. We define a set of covariant and gauge-invariant variables to describe density, velocity and entropy perturbations for both the total matter and component fluids. We then use different techniques such as scalar decomposition, harmonic decomposition, quasi-static approximation together with the redshift transformation to get simplified perturbation equations for analysis. We then discuss a number of interesting applications like the case where the universe is filled with a mixture of radiation and Gauss–Bonnet fluids as well as dust with Gauss–Bonnet fluids for both short- and long-wavelength limits. Considering polynomial [Formula: see text] model, we get numerical solutions of energy density perturbations and show that they decay with increase in redshift. This feature shows that under [Formula: see text] gravity, specifically under the considered [Formula: see text] model, one expects that the formation of the structure in the late Universe is enhanced.