<i>Herschel</i>Space Observatory

TLDR

Herschel, launched on 14 May 2009, is an ESA space observatory that provides unprecedented far‑infrared and submillimetre (55–671 µm) observations with its 3.5‑m passively cooled silicon‑carbide Cassegrain telescope. The mission employs three instruments—PACS, SPIRE, and HIFI—operated by ESA, instrument consortia, and NASA, with a cryostat‑limited lifetime of roughly 20 000 h, of which 32 % is guaranteed time and the remainder is open to the worldwide community.

Abstract

Herschel was launched on 14 May 2009, and is now an operational ESA space observatory offering unprecedented observational capabilities in the far-infrared and submillimetre spectral range 55-671 {\mu}m. Herschel carries a 3.5 metre diameter passively cooled Cassegrain telescope, which is the largest of its kind and utilises a novel silicon carbide technology. The science payload comprises three instruments: two direct detection cameras/medium resolution spectrometers, PACS and SPIRE, and a very high-resolution heterodyne spectrometer, HIFI, whose focal plane units are housed inside a superfluid helium cryostat. Herschel is an observatory facility operated in partnership among ESA, the instrument consortia, and NASA. The mission lifetime is determined by the cryostat hold time. Nominally approximately 20,000 hours will be available for astronomy, 32% is guaranteed time and the remainder is open to the worldwide general astronomical community through a standard competitive proposal procedure.