Enriched circulating and tumor-resident TGF-β ⁺ regulatory B cells in patients with melanoma promote FOXP3 ⁺ Tregs

Abstract

, an effect further enhanced with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Our findings reveal cytokine-expressing B cell compartments skewed toward regulatory phenotypes in patient circulation and melanoma lesions, intratumor spatial localization, and bidirectional crosstalk between B and T cell subsets with immunosuppressive attributes.