Inflammatory endothelium-targeted and cathepsin responsive nanoparticles are effective against atherosclerosis

Abstract

<b>Rationale:</b> Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid accumulation, plaque formation, and artery stenosis. The pharmacological treatment is a promising therapy for atherosclerosis, but this approach faces major challenges such as targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and non-specific clearance. <b>Methods:</b> Based on the finding that the cathepsin k (CTSK) enzyme is enriched in atherosclerotic lesions, we constructed an integrin α_vβ₃ targeted and CTSK-responsive nanoparticle to control the release of rapamycin (RAP) locally. The targeted and responsive nanoparticles (T/R NPs) were engineered by the self-assembly of a targeting polymer PLGA-PEG-c(RGDfC) and a CTSK-sensitive polymer PLGA-Pep-PEG. PLGA-Pep-PEG was also modified with a pair of FRET probe to monitor the hydrolysis events. <b>Results:</b> Our results indicated that RAP@T/R NPs accelerated the release of RAP in response to CTSK stimulation <i>in vitro</i>, which significantly inhibited the phagocytosis of OxLDL and the release of cytokines by inflammatory macrophages. Additionally, T/R NPs had prolonged blood retention time and increased accumulation in the early and late stage of atherosclerosis lesions. RAP@T/R NPs significantly blocked the development of atherosclerosis and suppressed the systemic and local inflammation in ApoE^-/- mice. <b>Conclusions:</b> RAP@T/R NPs hold a great promise as a drug delivery system for safer and more efficient therapy of atherosclerosis.