Evolution and functional diversification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in plants

Abstract

R2R3-MYB genes (<i>R2R3-MYBs</i>) form one of the largest transcription factor gene families in the plant kingdom, with substantial structural and functional diversity. However, the evolutionary processes leading to this amazing functional diversity have not yet been clearly established. Recently developed genomic and classical molecular technologies have provided detailed insights into the evolutionary relationships and functions of plant <i>R2R3-MYBs</i>. Here, we review recent genome-level and functional analyses of plant <i>R2R3-MYBs</i>, with an emphasis on their evolution and functional diversification. In land plants, this gene family underwent a large expansion by whole genome duplications and small-scale duplications. Along with this population explosion, a series of functionally conserved or lineage-specific subfamilies/groups arose with roles in three major plant-specific biological processes: development and cell differentiation, specialized metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses. The rapid expansion and functional diversification of plant <i>R2R3-MYBs</i> are highly consistent with the increasing complexity of angiosperms. In particular, recently derived <i>R2R3-MYBs</i> with three highly homologous intron patterns (a, b, and c) are disproportionately related to specialized metabolism and have become the predominant subfamilies in land plant genomes. The evolution of plant <i>R2R3-MYBs</i> is an active area of research, and further studies are expected to improve our understanding of the evolution and functional diversification of this gene family.