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Real‐Space Interpretation of Interatomic Charge Transfer and Electron Exchange Effects by Combining Static and Kinetic Potentials and Associated Vector Fields**
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83
References
2022
Year
Intricate behaviour of one-electron potentials from the Euler equation for electron density and corresponding gradient force fields in crystals was studied. Channels of locally enhanced kinetic potential and corresponding saddle Lagrange points were found between chemically bonded atoms. Superposition of electrostatic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mfenced><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and kinetic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mfenced><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> potentials and electron density <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mfenced><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> allowed partitioning any molecules and crystals into atomic <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> - and potential-based <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> </mml:math> -basins; <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> -basins explicitly account for the electron exchange effect, which is missed for <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> -ones. Phenomena of interatomic charge transfer and related electron exchange were explained in terms of space gaps between zero-flux surfaces of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> - and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> </mml:math> -basins. The gap between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> - and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -basins represents the charge transfer, while the gap between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> - and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -basins is a real-space manifestation of sharing the transferred electrons caused by the static exchange and kinetic effects as a response against the electron transfer. The regularity describing relative positions of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> -, and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> - basin boundaries between interacting atoms was proposed. The position of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> -boundary between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> - and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -ones within an electron occupier atom determines the extent of transferred electron sharing. The stronger an H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond is, the deeper hydrogen atom's <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> -basin penetrates oxygen atom's <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -basin, while for covalent bonds a <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> -boundary closely approaches a <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> -one indicating almost complete sharing of the transferred electrons. In the case of ionic bonds, the same region corresponds to electron pairing within the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> -basin of an electron occupier atom.
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