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Publication | Open Access

The Asymmetric Impact of War: Resilience, Vulnerability and Implications for EU Policy

46

Citations

8

References

2022

Year

Abstract

Abstract In 2019, over 96% of EU27 oil needs, nearly 90% of natural gas and over 43% of solid fuels were met by net imports, with the largest share coming from Russia (35% of oil, 40% of natural gas and 20% of solid fuels consumed in EU27). The decline in the share of oil since 2016 was more than off-set by the increase in gas and solid fuels.

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