Remote Sensing of Instantaneous Drought Stress at Canopy Level Using Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Canopy Reflectance

Abstract

Climate change amplifies the intensity and occurrence of dry periods leading to drought stress in vegetation. For monitoring vegetation stresses, sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) observations are a potential game-changer, as the SIF emission is mechanistically coupled to photosynthetic activity. Yet, the benefit of SIF for drought stress monitoring is not yet understood. This paper analyses the impact of drought stress on canopy-scale SIF emission and surface reflectance over a lettuce and mustard stand with continuous field spectrometer measurements. Here, the SIF measurements are linked to the plant’s photosynthetic efficiency, whereas the surface reflectance can be used to monitor the canopy structure. The mustard canopy showed a reduction in the biochemical component of its SIF emission (the fluorescence emission efficiency at 760 nm—ϵ760) as a reaction to drought stress, whereas its structural component (the Fluorescence Correction Vegetation Index—FCVI) barely showed a reaction. The lettuce canopy showed both an increase in the variability of its surface reflectance at a sub-daily scale and a decrease in ϵ760 during a drought stress event. These reactions occurred simultaneously, suggesting that sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance-based indices sensitive to the canopy structure provide complementary information. The intensity of these reactions depend on both the soil water availability and the atmospheric water demand. This paper highlights the potential for SIF from the upcoming FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) satellite to provide a unique insight on the plant’s water status. At the same time, data on the canopy reflectance with a sub-daily temporal resolution are a promising additional stress indicator for certain species.