Maturing of public-private-people partnership (4P): Lessons from 4P for triple disaster and subsequently COVID-19 pandemic in Fukushima

Abstract

Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) is a cross-sector collaboration combining “people” with a traditional Public-Private Partnership (PPP). The term “people” encompasses civil society organisations, academia, professional organisations, media, and others. 4P was proposed to compensate for the shortcomings in conventional PPPs regarding a lack of residents’ viewpoints, clarification of civil engagement, and incorporation of bottom-up strategies, especially […]