CRISPR/Cas12a-Based Diagnostic Platform Accurately Detects Nocardia farcinica Targeting a Novel Species-Specific Gene

Abstract

Under the COVID-19 pandemic background, nucleic acid detection has become the gold standard to rapidly diagnose the infectious disease. A rapid, low cost, reliable nucleic acid detection platform will be the key to control next potential pandemic. In this study, a nucleic acid detection platform, which combined CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), was developed and termed CRISPR-CLA. In the CRISPR-CLA system, LAMP preamplification was employed, and CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection was used to monitor the preamplicons. The forward inner primer (FIP) was engineered with a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site TTTA of Cas12a effector at the linker region; thus, the CRISPR-CLA platform can detect any sequence as long as the primer design meets the requirement of LAMP. To demonstrate the validity of the CRISPR-CLA system, it was applied for the molecular diagnosis of nocardiosis caused by <i>Nocardia farcinica</i> (<i>N. farcinica</i>). A highly conserved and species-specific gene <i>pbr1</i> of <i>N. farcinica</i>, which was first reported in this study, was used as the target of detection. A set of LAMP primers targeting a fragment of <i>pbr1</i> of the <i>N. farcinica</i> reference strain IFM 10152 was designed according to the principle of CRISPR-CLA. Three CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) with different lengths were designed, and the most efficient crRNA was screened out. Additionally, three single-strand DNA (ssDNA) probes were tested to further optimize the detection system. As a result, the <i>N. farcinica</i> CRISPR-CLA assay was established, and the whole detection process, including DNA extraction (20 min), LAMP preamplification (70°C, 40 min), and CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated detection (37°C, 8 min), can be completed within 70 min. A fluorescence reader (for fluorescence CRISPR-CLA) or a lateral flow biosensor (for lateral-flow CRISPR-CLA) can be the media of the result readout. Up to 132 strains were used to examine the specificity of <i>N. farcinica</i> CRISPR-CLA assay, and no cross-reaction was observed with non-<i>N. farcinica</i> templates. The limit of detection (LoD) of the <i>N. farcinica</i> CRISPR-CLA assay was 100 fg double-strand DNA per reaction. <i>N. farcinica</i> was detected accurately in 41 sputum specimens using the <i>N. farcinica</i> CRISPR-CLA assay, which showed higher specificity than a real-time qPCR method. Hence, the <i>N. farcinica</i> CRISPR-CLA assay is a rapid, economic and accurate method to diagnose <i>N. farcinica</i> infection.