Observation Techniques

Abstract

Abstract This is a “how-to-do-it” treatment of observation methods. Major steps in the observation process are described and important general guidelines for accurate observation and record keeping are provided. Procedures for controlling error and improving the efficiency of observation processes are included. Record keeping by using anecdotal records, running records, checklists, participation charts, charting and tallying behaviors, and rating scales is described. For each type of record, advantages and disadvantages, procedures for designing forms, suggested uses, and tips on interpreting data are included. A brief summary section focuses on the role of observation in identification and diagnosis.