Screening of Blood Donors for Human Parvovirus B19 and Characterization of the Results

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives: Human parvovirus B19 (B19 virus) can be transmitted through blood transfusion and plasma‐derived products. In a previous report, we utilized the simple hemagglutination method based on the interaction between the B19 virus and P antigen on human erythrocytes in order to screen the blood donors. We called this method receptor‐mediated hemagglutination (RHA) [Lancet 1995;346:1237–1238]. In this paper, we report on a large‐scale screening of the B19 virus by RHA and discuss the results. Materials and Methods: Donor sera from September 1995 to March 1997 and seroconversion panels were enrolled. Donor sera were examined by RHA for large‐scale screening. The positive sera in the first screening were then further investigated by the RHA inhibition test, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also evaluated the infectivity and neutralizing activity of various kinds of sera by the erythroid colony forming unit (CFU‐e) assay. To examine the detection limits of the B19 virus by RHA, B19‐viremic sera were purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Results: Among 257,710 sera specimens, 293 sera (0.11%) gave a positive reaction in the first screening using RHA. Out of these 293 sera specimens, 31 were positive for PCR, of which 28 were also RHA inhibition‐positive, and 25 of the 28 CIE‐positive. In the CFU‐e injury assay, all the RHA inhibition (+) sera showed a decrease in the number of erythroid colonies. The RHA inhibition (‐) PCR (+) B19 antibody (+) sera did not affect the erythroid colony formation and protected CFU‐e from injury by the B19 virus. By measuring the amount of purified B19 protein and its RHA titer, the detection limit of the B19 virus by RHA was calculated to the 0.37±0.03 ng/ml. Conclusion: These results suggest that the RHA (+) RHA inhibition (+) sera were infectious in vitro. The combination of RHA and the RHA inhibition test is considered to be useful for the large‐scale screening of infectious B19 virus in blood donors with high specificity.