Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis

TLDR

Astronomical time is only one of several time concepts, and social time—rooted in collaboration, shaped by shared beliefs, interrupted by critical dates, and reflected in calendrical systems—differs qualitatively from continuous, universal time. The authors propose using social time as a methodological category to uncover social periodicities. An operational definition of everyday time expressions shows that social phenomena frequently serve as reference frames, so units of time are often fixed by collective rhythms.

Abstract

The category of astronomical time is only one of several concepts of time. Such concepts differ in the fields of philosophy, psychology, and economics. An operational definition of expressions of time in common usage shows that social phenomena are frequently adopted as a frame of reference so that units of time are often fixed by the rhythm of collective life. The need for social collaboration is at the root of social systems of time. Social time is qualitatively differentiated according to the beliefs and customs common to the group. Social time is not continuous but is interrupted by critical dates. All calendrical systems arise from and are perpetuated by social requirements. They arise from social differentiation and a widening area of social interaction. It is possible that the introduction of social time as a methodological category would enhance the discovery of social periodicities.