Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · 2013 · 169 citations · 0 references
MedicineNeurologyPsychiatryMovement DisordersNeuromuscular DisordersNeuropathologyMovement Disorder PharmacotherapyNeurophysiology Of Movement DisordersParkinson DiseaseParkinsonian DisordersTic DisordersTremor DisordersAbnormal MovementsDifferential Symptom DiagnosisDopamine Receptor AgonistsDopamine-related Movement DisordersDystonia SyndromesSensory-motor SymptomsTardive Dyskinesia TreatmentTardive Dystonia
Tardive dyskinesia is an iatrogenic hyperkinetic/hypokinetic movement disorder caused by dopamine receptor‑blocking agents, presenting with diverse motor and sensory symptoms, and its pathophysiology remains poorly understood, making treatment difficult. This update aims to present the latest information on TD’s history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. The authors conduct a comprehensive review of current literature to synthesize these aspects of TD.
Tardive dyskinesia (TD), characterized by oro-buccal-lingual stereotypy, can manifest in the form of akathisia, dystonia, tics, tremor, chorea, or as a combination of different types of abnormal movements. In addition to movement disorders (including involuntary vocalizations), patients with TD may have a variety of sensory symptoms, such as urge to move (as in akathisia), paresthesias, and pain. TD is a form of tardive syndrome—a group of iatrogenic hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment of this condition is often challenging. In this update, we provide the most current information on the history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of TD.