Wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse: past, present, and future

TLDR

Wastewater reclamation, recycling, and reuse have progressed from foundational engineering developments to integrated source‑control and advanced treatment systems that mitigate health and environmental risks while aligning with the natural hydrologic cycle. Key milestone events and pivotal studies underpin current regulatory frameworks and technological innovations that enable the safe use of reclaimed wastewater. Progressive technology and risk‑assessment advances now make it feasible to produce reclaimed water that meets specified quality standards for multiple use objectives.

Abstract

The scientific basis for the current status of wastewater reclamation, recycling and reuse has evolved from developments in water and wastewater engineering coupled with increasing pressures on water resources. Milestone events that have led to the safe use of reclaimed wastewater are reviewed. The role of engineered systems associated with reclaimed wastewater is discussed in the context of the natural hydrologic cycle. A synopsis of the significant studies that form the basis for current regulatory approaches and technological innovations is presented. Current water reclamation strategies incorporate multiple measures to minimize health and environmental risks associated with various reuse applications. A combination of source control, advanced treatment process flowschemes, and other engineering controls provides a sound basis for increased implementation of water reuse applications. The feasibility of producing reclaimed water of a specified quality to fulfill multiple water use objectives is now a reality due to the progressive evolution of technologies and risk assessment procedures. Future water reuse directions are charted.