Mechanistic insights into rare-earth-catalysed C–H alkylation of sulfides: sulfide facilitating alkene insertion and beyond

Abstract

The catalytic C-H alkylation with alkenes is of much interest and importance, as it offers a 100% atom efficient route for C-C bond construction. In the past decade, great progress in rare-earth catalysed C-H alkylation of various heteroatom-containing substrates with alkenes has been made. However, whether or how a heteroatom-containing substrate would influence the coordination or insertion of an alkene at the catalyst metal center remained elusive. In this work, the mechanism of Sc-catalysed C-H alkylation of sulfides with alkenes and dienes has been carefully examined by DFT calculations, which revealed that the alkene insertion could proceed <i>via</i> a sulfide-facilitated mechanism. It has been found that a similar mechanism may also work for the C-H alkylation of other heteroatom-containing substrates such as pyridine and anisole. Moreover, the substrate-facilitated alkene insertion mechanism and a substrate-free one could be switched by fine-tuning the sterics of catalysts and substrates. This work provides new insights into the role of heteroatom-containing substrates in alkene-insertion-involved reactions, and may help guide designing new catalysis systems.