Application of Ginsenoside Rd in Periodontitis With Inhibitory Effects on Pathogenicity, Inflammation, and Bone Resorption

Abstract

Periodontitis is a worldwide oral disease induced by the interaction of subgingival bacteria and host response and is characterized by local inflammation, bone resorption, and tooth loss. Ginsenoside Rd (Rd) is a biologically active component derived from Panax ginseng and has been demonstrated to exert antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory efficiency of Rd towards <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> (<i>P. gingivalis</i>), periodontal inflammatory response, and osteoclastogenesis <i>in vitro</i> and to further validate the results in a mouse periodontitis model, thus, evaluate the potential effects of Rd on the control and prevention of periodontitis. According to the results, Rd exerted excellent antibacterial activities against planktonic <i>P. gingivalis</i>, along with attenuating <i>P. gingivalis</i> virulence and inhibiting its biofilms. Meanwhile, the inflammatory cytokine production and osteoclastogenesis were remarkably inhibited by Rd both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, Rd efficiently ameliorated the subgingival <i>P. gingivalis</i> abundance and suppressed the alveolar bone resorption <i>in vivo</i> as well. In conclusion, Rd has the potential to be developed as a promising medication in the control and prevention of periodontitis.