Targeting the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor with Microbial Metabolite Mimics Alleviates Experimental Colitis in Mice

Abstract

Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for multiple diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). <i>Thermosporothrix hazakensis</i> microbial metabolite 2-(1'<i>H</i>-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) is a putative AhR endogenous ligand. To improve the chemical stability, we synthesized a series of ITE chemical mimics. Using a series of in vitro assays, we identified 2-(1<i>H</i>-indole-3-carbonyl)-<i>N</i>-methyl thiazole-4-carboxamide (ITE-CONHCH₃) as a highly potent (EC₅₀ = 1.6 nM) AhR agonist with high affinity (<i>K</i>_i = 88 nM). ITE-CONHCH₃ triggered AhR nuclear translocation and dimerization of AhR-ARNT, enhanced AhR binding in the CYP1A1 promoter, and induced AhR-regulated genes in an AhR-dependent manner. The metabolic stability of ITE-CONHCH₃ in a cell culture was 10 times higher than that of ITE. Finally, we observed protective effects of ITE-CONHCH₃ in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Overall, we demonstrate and validate a concept of microbial metabolite mimicry in the therapeutic targeting of AhR.