Metformin modulates microbiota-derived inosine and ameliorates methamphetamine-induced anxiety and depression-like withdrawal symptoms in mice

Abstract

This study demonstrates that METH withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviours are reversible and transmissible via gut microbiota in a mouse model. The therapeutic effects of metformin on psychiatric manifestations are associated with microbiota-derived metabolites, highlighting the role of the gut microbiota in substance use disorders and the pathophysiology of withdrawal symptoms.