Promoting Reversibility of Multielectron Redox in Alkali-Rich Sulfide Cathodes through Cryomilling

Abstract

Conventional cathodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are reaching their theoretical capacity limits. One way to meet the growing demands for high-capacity LIBs is by developing so-called Li-rich cathode materials that greatly benefit from additional capacities from anionic moieties in the structure. Li-rich materials are intrinsically subject to higher degrees of (de)intercalation, leaving the particles more prone to fractures and thus rapid capacity fade. Alkali-rich LiNaFeS2 reversibly cycles with capacities exceeding 300 mAh g–1, but its capacity fades faster than an isostructural material Li2FeS2. Using synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), we demonstrate that the capacity fade of LiNaFeS2 stems from particle fractures in the first charge cycle. We improve the cycling performance of LiNaFeS2 by means of cryomilling, which enhances capacity retention at cycle 50 by 76%. Through crystallographic and morphological characterization techniques, we confirm that cryomilling not only decreases particle and crystallite size while increasing microstrain but also prevents particles from fracturing. Cryomilling is a powerful tool to engineer nanoscale battery materials, and TXM allows the direct observation of morphological changes of the particles, which can be leveraged to develop next-generation cathode materials for LIBs.