Overview of batteries and battery management for electric vehicles

TLDR

Electric vehicles are promoted as a carbon‑neutral solution to the climate crisis, while battery and management advances are closely tied to policy and user experience. This review examines the evolution and challenges of cutting‑edge battery and battery‑management technologies for hybrid and pure EVs, highlighting their features, breakthroughs, future challenges, and opportunities, including the role of data and energy internet. The authors analyze current and emerging battery chemistries—lithium‑ion, lithium‑metal, and post‑lithium—as well as battery‑management strategies, outlining future development trends. The review finds that a data‑driven electrothermal model shows impressive performance, and that move‑and‑charge and wireless power‑drive technologies can reduce dependence on batteries.

Abstract

Popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective solution to promote carbon neutrality, thus combating the climate crisis. Advances in EV batteries and battery management interrelate with government policies and user experiences closely. This article reviews the evolutions and challenges of (i) state-of-the-art battery technologies and (ii) state-of-the-art battery management technologies for hybrid and pure EVs. The key is to reveal the major features, pros and cons, new technological breakthroughs, future challenges, and opportunities for advancing electric mobility. This critical review envisions the development trends of battery chemistry technologies, technologies regarding batteries, and technologies replacing batteries. Wherein, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries (such as solid state batteries), and technologies beyond lithium ('post-lithium') will be actively explored in the next decades. Meanwhile, the data-driven electrothermal model is promising and identified with an impressive performance. Technologies of move-and-charge and wireless power drive will help alleviate the overdependence of batteries. Finally, future high-energy batteries and their management technologies will actively embrace the information and energy internet for data and energy sharing.