Analysis of Environmental Exposures for Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Parental age at childbirth of 25-29 yr, and folic acid supplement can reduce the risk of NSCL/P. By contrast, maternal passive smoking, infections, and drug use during early gestation period, and multiple births, parental consanguinity, positive family history, and maternal abortion history can increase the risk of NSCL/P. Identification of risk factors is essential in minimizing the incidence of NSCL/P in a particular population.