Interfacial Reduction Nucleation of Noble Metal Nanodots on Redox-Active Metal–Organic Frameworks for High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitrate to Ammonia

Abstract

Electrochemically converting nitrate to ammonia is a promising route to realize artificial nitrogen recycling. However, developing highly efficient electrocatalysts is an ongoing challenge. Herein, we report the construction of stable and redox-active zirconium metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) based on Zr₆ nanoclusters and redox-reversible tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives as inorganic nodes and organic linkers, respectively. The redox-active Zr-MOF can facilitate the <i>in situ</i> reduction of noble metal precursors free of external reductants and realize the uniform nucleation of noble metal nanodots (NDs) on Zr-MOF, achieving the preparation of M-NDs/Zr-MOF (M = Pd, Ag, or Au). The highly porous Zr-MOF with good conductivity can facilitate the mass transfer process. Among the M-NDs/Zr-MOF catalysts, Pd-NDs/Zr-MOF exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity, delivering a NH₃ yield of 287.31 mmol·h^-1·g^-1_cat. and a Faradaic efficiency of 58.1%. The proposed interfacial reduction nucleation strategy for anchoring M NDs on Zr-MOFs can be applied to other challenging energy conversion reactions.