Study on the immunopathological effect of titanium particles in peri‐implantitis granulation tissue: A case–control study

Abstract

TPs were identified in all peri-implantitis specimens, but without evidencing any foreign body reaction suggestive for direct pathological effects of TPs. The peri-implantitis granulation tissue was characterized by intense neovascularization and presence of a chronic inflammatory infiltrate dominated by plasma cells, neutrophils and macrophages.