Single-Ended Quadrature Coupler-Based VSWR Resilient Joint mm-Wave True Power Detector and Impedance Sensor

Abstract

Intelligent reconfigurable RF/millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) front ends primarily rely on built-in-self-test (BiST) circuits for real-time performance monitoring, particularly in phased arrays, where antenna elements’ driving impedance varies substantially during beam steering due to the undesired element couplings. This severely degrades the power amplifier’s (PA) performance. To address this problem, we propose a quadrature coupler-based voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)-resilient mm-Wave joint impedance/true power detector integrated with a PA using the GlobalFoundries 45-nm CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) process. A comprehensive theoretical comparison between the traditional and proposed coupler sensors is presented, including implementation details and design tradeoffs. Design guidelines for both the proposed coupler sensor and the integrated PA are presented to maximize sensing accuracy. The detailed data processing techniques are explained to accurately extract the sensor outputs and highlight hardware limitations. At 38 GHz, the proposed sensor measures the antenna impedance for VSWR <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$=3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> :1 with a maximum <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \Gamma \vert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\angle \Gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> error of 0.238 and 28.9° respectively. The 90° coupler network demonstrates a 16-dB dynamic range with an error within ±0.5 dB for 50- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> power sensing, as well as sensing the real power delivered to a complex antenna load for VSWR <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$=3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> :1 with less than ±3.35-dB power sensing error. The chip die occupies an area of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.31\times1.36$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , while the sensor alone occupies an area of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.47\times0.971$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .