Prompt Antiviral Action of Pulmonary CD8+ TRM Cells Is Mediated by Rapid IFN-γ Induction and Its Downstream ISGs in the Lung

Abstract

Growing lines of evidence supported the importance of CD8+ lung tissue resident memory T (T_RM) cells in protection against respiratory viruses, exemplified by influenza A virus. However, the underlying <i>in vivo</i> mechanism remains largely undetermined. Here, we used mouse infection models to dissect <i>in vivo</i> cross-protective activity of lung CD8+ T_RM cells. By simultaneously interrogating transcriptional dynamics in lung CD8+ T_RM cells and surrounding tissues during the early course of infection, we demonstrated that lung CD8+ T_RM cells react to antigen re-exposure within hours, manifested by IFN-γ upregulation, and a tissue-wide interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) program is subsequently elicited. Using antibody-mediated IFN-γ neutralization and IFN-γ receptor knockout mice, we could show that the induction of several important antiviral ISGs required IFN-γ signaling, so did the suppression of key inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, there were also examples of ISGs unaffected in the absence of IFN-γ activity. Collectively, focusing on <i>in situ</i> characterization of lung CD8+ T_RM cells during very early stage of infection, a critical period of host antiviral defense that has been poorly investigated, our studies highlight that these cells, once triggered by antigen re-exposure, are programmed to produce IFN-γ expeditiously to promote a lung-wide antiviral response for effective virus control.