Inhibition of the Antibiotic Activity of Cephalosporines by Co-Crystallization with Thymol

Abstract

Three structurally similar antibiotics of the cephalosporin (CEPH) class, namely, cephalexin (CPX), cephradine (CFD), and cefaclor (CFC), have been co-crystallized with thymol (THY) via different preparation techniques, yielding the hydrated co-crystals CPX·THY·2.5H2O form I and form II, CFD·THY·2.5H2O, and CFC·THY·4H2O. All co-crystals were structurally characterized by single crystal and/or powder X-ray diffraction. In all co-crystals, except in the case of the elusive metastable form I of CPX·THY·2.5H2O, the CEPH molecules interact with thymol only via water bridges; i.e., there is no direct hydrogen bonding between CEPH molecules and THY. Preliminary antimicrobial experiments via measurements of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) provide clear-cut evidence that the association with thymol increases the resistance of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to the antibiotic with respect to pure CEPH as well as to physical mixtures of CEPH with thymol.