Characterization of VIM-1-, NDM-1- and OXA-48-producing <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> in France

Abstract

During recent decades, carbapenem resistance in Gram negatives has become a worldwide threat leading to more restricted antimicrobial treatment options.1,2 In Enterobacterales, carbapenem resistance is linked to the emergence and dissemination of carbapenemase producers.1,2 In Enterobacterales, the most prevalent carbapenemases belong to the Ambler class A with mainly KPC3 and few other rare enzymes (GES, IMI, SME etc.),4 the NDM-, VIM- and IMP-type metallo β-lactamases (Ambler class B)5,6 and the carbapenem-hydrolysing Ambler class D oxacillinase of OXA-48-type.7 Usually, metallo β-lactamase-encoding genes are localized on diverse plasmids that also carry several genetic resistance determinants to other antimicrobials.6 In contrast, the blaOXA-48 gene is nearly always localized on an archetypal IncL plasmid of approximately 62 kb that does not contain any other resistance genes.8 Most often, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales produce only one carbapenemase. However, the number of isolates...