Rationale: Patients managed at a long-term acute-care hospital (LTACH) for weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation are at risk for profound muscle weakness and disability. Objectives: To investigate effects of prolonged ventilation on survival, muscle function, and its impact on quality of life at 6 and 12 months after LTACH discharge. Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal study conducted in 315 patients being weaned from prolonged ventilation at an LTACH. Measurements and Main Results: At discharge, 53.7% of patients were detached from the ventilator and 1-year survival was 66.9%. On enrollment, maximum inspiratory pressure (Pi_max) was 41.3 (95% confidence interval, 39.4-43.2) cm H₂O (53.1% predicted), whereas handgrip strength was 16.4 (95% confidence interval, 14.4-18.7) kPa (21.5% predicted). At discharge, Pi_max did not change, whereas handgrip strength increased by 34.8% (P < 0.001). Between discharge and 6 months, handgrip strength increased 6.2 times more than did Pi_max. Between discharge and 6 months, Katz activities-of-daily-living summary score improved by 64.4%; improvement in Katz summary score was related to improvement in handgrip strength (r = -0.51; P < 0.001). By 12 months, physical summary score and mental summary score of 36-item Short-Form Survey returned to preillness values. When asked, 84.7% of survivors indicated willingness to undergo mechanical ventilation again. Conclusions: Among patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation at an LTACH, 53.7% were detached from the ventilator at discharge and 1-year survival was 66.9%. Respiratory strength was well maintained, whereas peripheral strength was severely impaired throughout hospitalization. Six months after discharge, improvement in muscle function enabled patients to perform daily activities, and 84.7% indicated willingness to undergo mechanical ventilation again.

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