Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Current developments and limitations

TLDR

Nanoscale metals are widely used, but conventional chemical synthesis causes pollution, high energy use, and health risks, prompting interest in greener alternatives. This review evaluates recent advances in green synthesis of gold, silver, palladium, copper, and iron oxide nanoparticles. Green synthesis employs plant extracts to reduce metal ions, replacing industrial chemicals. Green synthesis reduces cost and pollution and improves safety, yet its effectiveness is constrained by geographic and seasonal plant variability, low purity, and poor yields.

Abstract

Nanoscale metals are widely used in many fields such as environment, medicine, and engineering that synthesis of nanoscale metals is a timely topic. At present, nanoscale metals are mainly synthesized by chemical methods that have unintended effects such as environmental pollution, large energy consumption, and potential health problems. In response to these challenges, green synthesis, which uses plant extracts instead of industrial chemical agents to reduce metal ions, has been developed. Green synthesis is more beneficial than traditional chemical synthesis because it costs less, decreases pollution, and improves environmental and human health safety. In this review, current developments in the green synthesis of nanoparticles of gold (Au NPs), silver (Ag NPs), palladium (Pd NPs), copper (Cu NPs), and iron and its oxide (Fe NPs) were evaluated. Major findings reveal the complexity in geographical and seasonal distributions of plants and their compositions that green synthesis is limited by time and place of production as well as issues with low purity and poor yield. However, considering current environmental problems and pollution associated with chemical synthesis, green synthesis offers alternative development prospects and potential applications.