β-Tetracyanobutadiene-Appended Porphyrins: Facile Synthesis, Spectral and Electrochemical Redox Properties, and Their Utilization as Excellent Optical Limiters

Abstract

A series of β-TCBD (1,1,4,4-tetracyano-buta-1,3-diene)-appended porphyrins, M-TCBD (M = 2H, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II)), was synthesized from 2,3-diphenylethynyl-12-nitro-<i>meso</i>-tetraphenylporphyrin, H₂-PE₂, and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and electrochemical studies. The reaction proceeds via [2 + 2] cycloaddition and retroelectrocyclization reactions of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) with H₂-PE₂. The observed unusual reduction potentials in the cyclic voltammograms of the synthesized porphyrins in the range of -0.06 to -0.10 V are the consequence of the TCBD moiety present at the β-position of the porphyrin macrocycle. Notably, these porphyrins exhibited three porphyrin ring-centered reductions due to extended π-conjugation. The higher nonlinear optical response exhibited by the M-TCBD series as compared to the precursor (H₂-PE₂) was attributed to the existence of intramolecular charge transfer and enhanced polarization in the M-TCBD series. The single-beam femtosecond Z-scan measurements were performed to elucidate the third-order nonlinear optical properties, and the temporal response of these porphyrin molecules was investigated using optical pump-probe spectroscopy to study the excited state absorption dynamics. Z-scan measurements revealed that Co-TCBD exhibited a higher nonlinear optical response as compared to free base porphyrins. The two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and the imaginary part of third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ⁽³⁾) were obtained from the open aperture experiment, whereas the close aperture experiment delivered the magnitude and the sign of the nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i>₂) and the real part of χ⁽³⁾. Furthermore, the femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed a faster relaxation dynamics of various absorption processes in a picosecond timescale. The excellent optical limiting threshold (1.90-2.33 × 10¹⁵ W/m²) of the synthesized porphyrins makes them good materials for laser protection and high-power laser operation.