RF and Optical Communications: A Comparison of High Data Rate Returns From Deep Space in the 2020 Timeframe

TLDR

NASA’s plans for higher science data return make both RF and optical communications viable, with optical offering smaller apertures and larger bandwidths that may surpass RF at certain distances and data rates. The study compares the spacecraft mass and power burden of RF and optical systems for 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps data rates over long distances. Using 2020‑era technology, the authors model RF with 45 12‑m antennas and optical with a 10‑m telescope, matching ground‑terminal costs and optimizing EIRP to minimize subsystem mass while assuming low‑rate RF provides high availability. Optical links can achieve high data rates beyond 2.67 AU, but require further R&D and flight demonstrations to validate the technology.

Abstract

As NASA proceeds with plans for increased science data return and higher data transfer capacity for science missions, both RF and optical communications are viable candidates for significantly higher-rate communications from deep space to Earth. With the inherent advantages, smaller apertures and larger bandwidths, of optical communications, it is reasonable to expect that at some point in time and combination of increasing distance and data rate, the rapidly emerging optical capabilities would become more advantageous than the more mature and evolving RF techniques. This paper presents a comparison of the burden to a spacecraft by both RF and optical communications systems for data rates of 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps and large distances. Advanced technology for RF and optical communication systems have been considered for projecting capabilities in the 2020 timeframe. For the comparisons drawn, the optical and RF ground terminals were selected to be similar in cost. The RF system selected is composed of forty-five 12-meter antennas, whereas the selected optical system is equivalent to a 10-meter optical telescope. Potential differences in availability are disregarded since the focus of this study is on spacecraft mass and power burden for high-rate mission data, under the assumption that essential communications will be provided by low-rate, high availability RF. For both the RF and optical systems, the required EIRP, for a given data rate and a given distance, was achieved by a design that realized the lowest possible communications subsystem mass (power + aperture) consistent with achieving the lowest technology risk. A key conclusion of this paper is that optical communications has great potential for high data rates and distances of 2.67 AU and beyond, but requires R&D and flight demonstrations to prove out technologies.