Arthropod pests of<i>Rubus</i>in Europe: Pest status, current and future control strategies

Abstract

SummaryArthropod pests of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), cultivated blackberry (R. laciniatus Willd., R. procerus P. J. Mull.) and Rubus hybrids, e.g. Tayberry and Loganberry in Europe are reviewed and economic damage and chemical and cultural control strategies described. Particular consideration is given to the most damaging pests, including aphids (Amphorophora idaei (Borner) and Aphis idaei van der Goot), raspberry beetle (Byturus tomentosus Degeer), clay-coloured weevil (Otiorhynchus singularis L.), raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes)), raspberry moth (Lampronia rubiella (Bjerkander)) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). New pest species or biotypes continue to be discovered on Rubus, as a result of changes in pesticide usage, the cultivation of new varieties, or insect-host range, e.g. Graphiphora augur (Fabr.), Cantharis obscura L. and Agrilus aurichalceus Redt. The potential entomological problems associated with protected cultivation, pesticide usage and application in cane fruit crops are considered. Many of the most important pest species attacking cultivated Rubus in Europe are host specialists. Novel stategies for their control are discussed, based on defence chemicals found in Rubus leaves and canes, and the use of biotechnology to enhance resistance. Mechanical harvesting of cane fruit is increasing in importance, and fruit harvested by machine may be contaminated by a range of arthropods which require additional control measures. The withdrawal from use of existing pesticides and the increasing public demand for the production of fruit without pesticides are considered as powerful external pressures determining the future direction of crop protection in raspberry and blackberry crops. The prospects for developing Integrated Pest Management systems for cane fruit crops are discussed in relation to biological, technical and socio-economic factors.