Far-Field Wireless Power Harvesting: Nonlinear Modeling, Rectenna Design, and Emerging Applications

TLDR

Advances in ultralow‑power electronics drive the development of far‑field wireless power harvesting, which captures ambient or dedicated free‑space energy and is now a key enabler for battery‑free IoT devices. This review surveys recent progress in far‑field wireless power harvesting, focusing on nonlinear rectification modeling, rectenna design, and emerging application demonstrations, while offering device‑selection guidance. The authors model the rectification process in nonlinear devices, provide device‑selection criteria, and optimize rectenna design to boost efficiency at low input power. The article showcases a range of promising applications that illustrate the challenges and opportunities of far‑field wireless power harvesting for battery‑free IoT.

Abstract

Continuous advances in ultralow-power electronics are a fundamental driving force of developing far-field wireless power harvesting techniques, which generally harnesses low/ambient energy in free space or dedicated wireless power from a power base station. This article reviews recent developments and technology trends in far-field (radiative) wireless power harvesting, including modeling of rectification process inside nonlinear devices, insights into rectenna system design, and demonstrations of emerging applications. The rectification process inside nonlinear devices will be explored, upon which a device selection guideline is provided to help quickly identify suitable devices. Then, the optimization of rectenna design is discussed to realize efficiency enhancement at a limited input power level. Since far-field wireless power harvesting has become a critical enabling technology for battery-free Internet of Things, a series of promising applications is demonstrated in this article to highlight the challenges and opportunities in the field.