Are Stripped Envelope Supernovae Really Deficient in ⁵⁶Ni?

Abstract

Abstract Recent works have indicated that the 56 Ni masses estimated for stripped envelope supernovae (SESNe) are systematically higher than those estimated for SNe II. Although this may suggest a distinct progenitor structure between these types of SNe, the possibility remains that this may be caused by observational bias. One important possible bias is that SESNe with low 56 Ni mass are dim, and therefore more likely to escape detection. By investigating the distributions of 56 Ni mass and distance of the samples collected from the literature, we find that the current literature SESN sample indeed suffers from a significant observational bias, i.e., objects with low 56 Ni mass—if they exist—will be missed, especially at larger distances. Note, however, that those distant objects in our sample are mostly SNe Ic-BL. We also conducted mock observations assuming that the 56 Ni mass distribution for SESNe is intrinsically the same as that of SNe II. We find that the 56 Ni mass distribution of the detected SESN samples moves toward higher mass than the assumed intrinsic distribution because of the difficulty in detecting the low- 56 Ni mass SESNe. These results could explain the general trend of the higher 56 Ni mass distribution (than SNe II) of SESNe found thus far in the literature. However, further finding clear examples of low- 56 Ni mass SESNe (≤ 0.01 M ⊙ ) is required to strengthen this hypothesis. Also, objects with high 56 Ni mass (≳ 0.2 M ⊙ ) are not explained by our model, which may require an additional explanation.