Ligand Engineering of Titanium-Oxo Nanoclusters for Cerenkov Radiation-Reinforced Photo/Chemodynamic Tumor Therapy

Abstract

The therapeutic effect of general photodynamic therapy (PDT) is gravely limited by the poor penetration depth of exogenous light radiation. In recent years, Cerenkov radiation (CR) has been exploringly applied to overcome this critical defect. However, the currently reported type I photosensitizers for CR-induced PDT (CRIT) are only TiO₂ nanoparticle-based agents with numerous fatally intrinsic drawbacks. Herein, we developed NH₂-Ti₃₂O₁₆ nanocluster (NTOC)-derived ultrasmall nanophotosensitizers (NPSs, denoted as TDPs) via innovate ligand engineering. The introduced dopamine (DA) ligands not only facilitate the water solubility and photocatalytic properties of NPSs but also involve the tumor-targeting behavior through the binding affinity with DA receptors on cancer cells. Under CR irradiation, TDPs enable efficient hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation benefiting from the enhanced separation of hole (h⁺)-electron (e^-) pairs, where the h⁺ will react with H₂O to execute type I PDT and the transferred e^- can realize the augmentation of Ti³⁺ to substantially promote the therapeutic index of chemodynamic therapy. This study provides an easy but feasible strategy for constructing versatile NPSs with an ultrasmall framework structure, propounding a refreshing paradigm for implementing efficient CR-induced combined therapy (CRICT) and spurring the development of CR and titanium-familial nanoplatforms in the fields of photocatalysis and nanocatalytic medicine.